Module All modules 01 · Why Peptides Matter Now 02 · Peptide Pharmacology Fundamentals 03 · GLP-1 Receptor Agonists 04 · Tirzepatide & Multi-Agonists 05 · Growth Hormone Secretagogues 06 · BPC-157, TB-500 & 'Healing Peptides' 07 · GHK-Cu, Copper Peptides & Skin/Hair 08 · MOTS-c & Mitochondrial Peptides 09 · Melanocortins: PT-141 & Melanotan 10 · Oxytocin, Vasopressin & Social/Endocrine Peptides 11 · GnRH Analogs, Somatostatin & Oncology Peptides 12 · Aesthetic & Cosmetic Peptides 13 · Cognitive & Nootropic Peptides 14 · Safety, Regulation & Compounded Peptides 15 · Controversies, Pipeline & Frontier 16 · Khavinson 'Bioregulator' Peptides — Deep Dive Type All types Diagram Figure Reference table Downloadable cheatsheet
Diagram
Peptide drug class map Therapeutic peptide classes Peptide drugs 2–50 amino acids Replacement insulin · GH · ADH Receptor agonists GLP-1 RAs · oxytocin Antagonists / suppression leuprolide · octreotide Investigational / grey BPC-157 · MOTS-c · GHK-Cu How therapeutic peptides span replacement hormones, receptor agonists/antagonists, and investigational compounds.
Diagram
Evidence pyramid for peptide claims Evidence tiers Tier 1 Pivotal RCT · FDA label · guideline Tier 2 Peer-reviewed clinical trials · meta-analyses Tier 3 Mechanistic · preclinical · case · vendor claim Three-tier system used throughout the course: pivotal/regulatory, peer-reviewed clinical, mechanistic/preclinical.
Figure
Peptide half-life engineering Half-life engineering (log scale) Native GLP-1 ~2 min Exenatide ~3 h Liraglutide ~13 h Semaglutide ~7 d Tirzepatide ~5 d Native GLP-1 (~2 min) → liraglutide (~13 h) → semaglutide (~7 d): how acylation and modifications extend duration of action.
Incretin axis L-cells (ileum) GLP-1 K-cells (jejunum) GIP β-cell ↑ insulin (glucose-dep) α-cell ↓ glucagon Stomach ↓ emptying Hypothalamus ↑ satiety Cardiac / renal SELECT · FLOW GLP-1 and GIP release after a meal — pancreatic β-cell, α-cell, gastric, and CNS targets.
Diagram
GLP-1 receptor agonist mechanism GLP-1 RA mechanism GLP-1 receptor agonist semaglutide · liraglutide · dulaglutide Glucose-dep insulin ↑ at high BG only Glucagon ↓ postprandial Gastric emptying ↓ early satiety Central satiety ARC POMC ↑ Cardiac/renal MACE / eGFR Glucose-dependent insulin release, glucagon suppression, gastric emptying, and central satiety pathways.
Diagram
GH secretagogue axis GH secretagogue axis Hypothalamus GHRH · somatostatin Anterior pituitary GH pulse Liver · IGF-1 CJC-1295 GHRH analog Ipamorelin ghrelin mimetic (GHSR) GHRH analogs (CJC-1295) vs ghrelin mimetics (ipamorelin): pulsatile vs sustained GH release.
Diagram
BPC-157 proposed mechanisms BPC-157 — proposed mechanisms BPC-157 (pentadecapeptide) mostly preclinical · single-lab dominance Angiogenesis VEGFR-2 ↑ NO pathway eNOS modulation Growth-factor X-talk FAK · paxillin Angiogenesis, NO pathway modulation, growth-factor receptor crosstalk — predominantly preclinical.
Diagram
Melanocortin receptor map Melanocortin receptors MC1R Skin pigment afamelanotide MC2R Adrenal cortex ACTH MC3R Energy / inflam research MC4R Appetite · sex setmelanotide · bremelanotide MC5R Exocrine gland research MC1R–MC5R targets: pigmentation, energy balance, sexual function, exocrine — and where bremelanotide and setmelanotide bind.
Diagram
HPG axis & GnRH analogs HPG axis · GnRH analogs Hypothalamus pulsatile GnRH Pituitary LH · FSH Gonad T · E2 Leuprolide continuous → flare → ↓ Degarelix / relugolix antagonist · no flare Pulsatile vs continuous GnRH stimulation, agonist flare, and antagonist suppression.
Diagram
503A / 503B / unregulated tiers US regulatory tiers FDA-approved NDA/BLA · semaglutide · tirzepatide · setmelanotide 503B outsourcing facility registered · cGMP-like · larger batches 503A patient-specific compounding state-licensed · per-patient Rx · category limits Unregulated 'research peptide' no GMP · no testing · not legal for human use Regulatory landscape for compounded peptides in the United States.
Downloadable cheatsheet
Evidence-grade cheatsheet (A–F) PDFPrintable cheatsheet — click download
One-page printable summary of the grading rubric used across the course.
Downloadable cheatsheet
GLP-1 counseling pocket card PDFPrintable cheatsheet — click download
Initiation, titration, MTC/pancreatitis screen, GI side-effect coaching.
Downloadable cheatsheet
Compounded peptide decision tree PDFPrintable cheatsheet — click download
When 503A is appropriate, when it isn't, and the 2023 Category 2 list.
Downloadable cheatsheet
Full course summary (all 15 modules) PDFPrintable cheatsheet — click download
PDF export of every module's takeaways, claims, and key references.